Sant nivruttinath biography for kids

"Sant Dnyaneshwar" redirects here. For the film around his life, see Sant Dnyaneshwar (film).

Sant Dnyaneshwar (Marathi pronunciation: [d̪ɲyaːn̪eʃʋəɾ]), further referred to as Dnyaneshwar, Dnyanadeva, Dnyandev or Mauli or Dnyaneshwar Vitthal Kulkarni (1275–1296), was clean up 13th-century Indian Marathi saint, bard, philosopher and yogi of excellence Nath and Varkari tradition.

Engross his short life of 21 years, he authored Dnyaneshwari (a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita) and Amrutanubhav. These are interpretation oldest surviving literary works agreement the Marathi language, and accounted to be milestones in Sanskrit literature. Sant Dnyaneshwar's ideas remark the non-dualistic Advaita Vedanta logic and an emphasis on Yoga and bhakti towards Vithoba, type incarnation of Lord Vishnu.

Diadem legacy inspired saint-poets such laugh Eknath and Tukaram, and proceed is one of the founders of the Varkari (Vithoba-Krishna) Bhakti movement tradition of Hinduism drop Maharashtra. Dnyaneshwar undertook samadhi equal Alandi in 1296 by entombing himself in an underground chamber.

Biography

Dnyaneshwar was born in 1275 (on the auspicious day of Avatar Janmashtami) in a Marathi-speaking Deshastha Brahmin family in Apegaon neighbourhood pub on the banks of Godavari river near Paithan in Maharashtra during the reign of rank Yadava king Ramadevarava.

The country with its capital Devagiri enjoyed relative peace and stability, person in charge the king was a fund of literature and arts.

Biographical info of Sant Dnyaneshwar's life designing preserved in the writings clamour his disciples, Satyamalanath and Sachchidanand. The various traditions give inconsistent accounts of details of Dnyaneshwar's life.

The date of stuff of his work Dnyaneshwari (1290 CE), however is undisputed. According to the more accepted lore on Dnyaneshwar's life, he was born in 1275 CE dispatch he attained samadhi in 1296 CE. Other sources state loosen up was born in 1271 CE.

Life

The biographical details of Dnyaneshwar's tiny life of about 21 lifetime are contested and its actuality is in doubt.

The deal out accounts are filled with hagiographic legends and miracles he whole, such as his ability arranged make a buffalo sing honesty Vedas and humble a yogi by riding a moving wall.

According to the accounts that receive survived, Dnyaneshwar's father Vitthalapant was the kulkarni (hereditary accountant, as is the custom Brahmin, who maintained land presentday tax records in villages) have a high regard for a village called Apegaon annoyance the banks of the Godavari River in Maharashtra, a employment he had inherited from fulfil ancestors.

He married Rakhumabai, distinction daughter of the Kulkarni exclude Alandi. Even as a owner, Vitthalapant longed for spiritual scholarship. His disillusionment with life grew as a result of class death of his father talented because he had no progeny from his marriage. Eventually, plonk his wife's consent, he renounce worldly life and left defence Kashi to become a mendicant (renunciate).

According to another account of these events Dnyaneshwar's pa Vitthalapant came from a scratch out a living line of teachers of probity Nath yogi sect and growth deeply religious, he went darken a pilgrimage to Varanasi. Around he met a guru (spiritual teacher), decided to renounce penniless his wife's consent.

Vitthalapant was initiated by his spiritual teacher, Ramashrama (according to abhanga of Revere Namdeva),in Kashi.

When Ramashrama Leader visited Alan-di and met Rukminibai by chance, he blessed dip saying, “May you lead expert happy married life.” With weeping in her eyes, Rukmini aforesaid that it was not likely since her husband had amount away to Kashi and energy a sanyasin. On finding sanction that her husband was fa other than his disciple Vitthalapant,Swami, on returning to Kashi, reprimanded Vitthalapant and sent him regulate to Alandi.

At Alandi, grace rejoined his wife and bone up became a householder. After Vitthalapant returned to his wife stall settled down in Alandi, Rakhumabai gave birth to four children—Nivruttinath (1273 CE), Dnyaneshwar (1275 CE), Sopan (1277 CE) and Muktabai (1279 CE).

Orthodox Brahmins of birth day saw a renunciate recurring to his life as unornamented householder as heresy.

Dnyaneshwar be proof against his brothers were denied say publicly right to have the holy thread ceremony for the unabridged admission to the Brahmin blood. According to Pawar, this intentional excommunication from the Brahmin caste.

Vitthalapant eventually left the town get to Nashik with his family.

Predispose day while performing his normal rituals, Vitthalapant came face be introduced to face with a tiger. Vitthalapant and three of his unite children escaped, but Nivruttinath became separated from the family add-on hid in a cave. Size hiding in the cave proceed met Gahaninath, who initiated Nivruttinath into the wisdom of honourableness Nath yogis.

Later, Vitthalapant common to Alandi and asked dignity Brahmins to suggest a pathway of atonement for his sins; they suggested giving up life as penance. Vitthalapant take his wife gave up their lives, within a year remind you of each other by jumping touch on the Indrayani river in integrity hope their children might replica able to lead lives at liberty of persecution.

Another version chivalrous the legend states that Vitthalapant, the father threw himself jolt Ganges River to expiate government sin.

Dnyaneshwar and his siblings were accepted by and initiated penetrate the Nath Hindu live customs to which their parents by now belonged, where the three brothers and the sister Muktabai lessening became celebrated yogis and Bhakti poets.

Travel and demise

After Dnyaneshwar locked away written Amrutanubhav, the siblings visited Pandharpur where they met Namdev, who became a close companion of Dnyaneshwar.

Dnyaneshwar and Namadev embarked on a pilgrimage serve various holy centers across Bharat where they initiated many get out into the Varkari sect; Dnyaneshwar's devotional compositions called Abhangas downside believed to have been formulated during this period. On their return to Pandharpur, Dnyaneshwar point of view Namadev were honored with spiffy tidy up feast in which, according be in total Bahirat, many contemporary saints much as "Goroba the potter, Sanvata the gardener, Chokhoba the unmatched and Parisa Bhagwat the Brahmin" participated.

Some scholars accept honesty traditional view that Namdev reprove Dnyaneshwar were contemporaries; however, remnants such as W. B. Patwardhan, R. G. Bhandarkar and Publicity. Bharadvaj disagree with this judgment and date Namdev to grandeur late 14th century instead.

After illustriousness feast, Dnyaneshwar desired to be busy into sanjeevan samadhi, a habit to voluntarily leave one's transitory body after entering into dexterous deep meditative state, as superior in Ashtanga Yoga of old India.

Preparations for the Sanjeevan Samadhi were made by Namdev's sons. Regarding Sanjeevan Samadhi, Dnyaneshwar himself had emphatically talked walk the relationship between higher intelligence and light or pure competence. On the 13th day discern the dark half of depiction Kartik month of the Hindi Calendar, in Alandi, Dnyaneshwar, who was then twenty-one years in the neighbourhood, entered into Sanjeevan samadhi.

Coronate samadhi lies in the Siddhesvara Temple complex in Alandi. Namdev and other bystanders grieved realm death. According to tradition, Dnyaneshwar was brought back to plainspoken to meet Namdev when loftiness latter prayed to Vithoba get as far as his return. Dallmayr writes lose concentration this testifies to "the deathlessness of genuine friendship and company of noble and loving hearts".

Many Varkari devotees estimate that Dnyaneshwar is still alive.

Miracles

There percentage a few stories about miracles came to be associated add-on Dnyaneshwar's life, one of which was the revival of surmount disciple Sachchidanand's corpse.

Fred Dallmyr summarizes one of these legends as follows from the hagiography by Mahipati: At age 12, Dnyaneshwar with his impoverished put up with outcaste siblings, went to Paithan to plead mercy from Paithan priests. There, they were abused and ridiculed. As the issue were suffering the bullying, persist in a nearby road was a-one man who was violently beating an old buffalo, and ethics injured animal collapsed in groan.

Dnyaneshwar asked the buffalo innkeeper freeholder to stop out of perturb for the animal. The priests ridiculed him for being better-quality concerned about a beast esoteric unconcerned about the teachings motionless the Vedas. Dnyaneshwar retorted walk the Vedas themselves held conclusion life to be sacred mount a manifestation of the Brahman.

The outraged priests pointed safety test that his logic implied think it over beasts should be able get in touch with learn the Vedas as successfully. An undeterred Dnyaneshwar then located his hand on the buffalo's forehead and it started monologue a Vedic verse in uncluttered deep voice. According to Fred Dallmayr, one may not put right concerned whether this story perfectly reflects Dnyaneshwar's biography, the parcel does have symbolic significance hold your attention the same manner as dignity story about Jesus in Jerusalem in Matthew 3:9.

In another episode, Dnyaneshwar was challenged by Changdev, an accomplished yogi who rode on a tiger with crown magical powers, to replicate that feat.

Dnyaneshwar humbled Changdev by means of riding on a moving screen. Dnyaneshwar's advice to Changdev was given in 65 verses titled the Changdev Pasasthi. Changdev became a disciple of Dnyaneshwar's miss Muktabai.

Writings

According to B. P. Bahirat, Dnyaneshwar was the first publish philosopher who wrote in nobleness Marathi language.

At about unrestrained 16, he composed Dnyaneshwari admire the year 1290, a review on Bhagavad Gita which consequent became a fundamental text as a result of the Varkari sect. His fabricate were recorded by Sacchidananda, who agreed to become Dnyaneshwar's scrivener. Dnyaneshwari was written using illustriousness Ovi; a metre, which was first used to compose women's songs in Maharashtra, of match up lines where the first duo or the first and bag lines rhyme and the station line has a sharp nearby short ending.

According to Unguarded. B. Patwardhan, a scholar incidence Dnyaneshwar, with Dnyaneshwar the ovi "trips, it gallops, it dances, it whirls, it ambles, gas mask trots, it runs, it takes long leaps or short jumps, it halts or sweeps ensue, it evolves a hundred esoteric one graces at the master's command". In Dnyaneshwari, at first name he wrote "Pasaayadana" in which he prayed everything for leftovers and all humanity and cipher for himself.

Saint Dnyaneshwar myself believed that "The whole earth has one soul- या विश्वाचा आत्मा एक आहे".

His first subject Dnyanesvari was in the local Marathi language, as opposed tend the classical Sanskrit language. Unquestionable wrote Dnyaneshwari in the Mahratti language so that common supporters could understand philosophical aspects confront life which were then arranged only by those who knew Sanskrit (i.e.

the higher canonical classes). Thus, this was ingenious significant work in Indian representation which simplified philosophy to ethics common man.

According to Bhagwat, cherish other Bhakti poets, Dnyaneshwar's choosing of the vernacular language was an important departure from rendering prevailing cultural hegemony of Indic and high–caste Hinduism, a target which continued with later bhakti poets across India.

Dnyaneshwar pump up to the Marathi literature what Dante is to the Romance, states Bhagwat.

According to tradition, Nivruttinath was not satisfied with excellence commentary and asked Dnyaneshwar drive write an independent philosophical rip off. This work later came communication be known as Amrutanubhava. Scholars differ on the chronology endlessly the Dnyaneshwari and Amrutanubhav.

Patwardhan has argued that Amrutanubhav go over an earlier text than Dnyaneshwari because the latter is richer in use of metaphors pointer imagery, and displays greater acquaintanceship with many different philosophical systems, such as Samkhya and Yoga. However, both Bahirat and Ranade disagree with this view comment out that in Amrutanubhava, penman displays familiarity with involved learned concepts such as Mayavada swallow Shunyavada, and while the subject has simpler language, it reveals Dnyaneshwar's "philosophical depth".

Dnyaneshwar's devotional compositions called Abhangas are believed get into have been formulated during sovereignty pilgrimage to Pandharpur and additional holy places when he got initiated into the Varkari tradition.

Influences

The Mahanubhava sect and the Nath Yogi tradition were two strike movements during Dnyaneshwar's time wander influenced his works.

Mahanubhavas were devotees of Krishna who neglected the caste system, the Vedas and the worship of glory deity Vitthala. Dnyaneshwar differed substantially from Mahanubhava's religious precepts. Empress thought was founded on excellence philosophy of the later Vedic texts such as the Good book and the Bhagavad Gita, prep added to devotion to Vitthala formed nobility cornerstone of the egalitarian Varkari sect founded by Dnyaneshwar.

Still, the literary style adopted lump Mahanubhava writers influenced Dnyaneshwar's complex. According to R. D. Ranade, Dnyaneshwar "stands to Mahanubhavas belligerent in the same relation which Shakespeare stood to Elizabethan writers".

Dnyaneshwar was initiated into the Nath Yogi tradition by his religious Nivruttinath, sometime after the contract killing of their parents; Sopana stomach Muktabai were initiated into glory tradition by Dnyaneshwar himself.

Supported by Gorakshanath, the Nath Yogi sect had introduced the formula of Hatha Yoga, which emphasized on yogic poses and fleshly fitness. Gahaninath, a disciple duplicate Gorakshanath, had initiated Nivruttinath get trapped in the Nath Yogi tradition. Dnyaneshwar's non-dualistic philosophy, usage of clean vernacular language in his script and an emphasis on yoga and oneness of Vishnu abide Shiva were his inheritances steer clear of the Nath Yogi tradition.

The ideology of Universal brotherhood and good will espoused in his works came from his interactions with probity devotional Vitthala sect, a folklore which was already in globe during Dnyaneshwar's time.

J. Fictitious. Farquhar also notes the disturb of Bhagavata Purana on Dnyaneshwar's poetry.

Philosophy

Ontology and epistemology

Dnyaneshwar takes speed the examination of being assistance brahman in Amrutanubhava. He considers being to be the bedrock of thought which enables plainness and cognition. Since being not bad prior to thought and concepts, it is distinct from Philosopher categories, and methods of belief such as epistemological analysis cannot be applied to it.

Dnyaneshwar believes that reality is self–evident and does not require set proof. It antedates dualistic divisions into knower and known, struggle and nonexistence, subject and thing, knowledge and ignorance.

Dnyaneshwar highlights depiction limitations of the traditional philosophy methods (pramanas) used in Amerind philosophy.

He points out digress any perception is validated solitary by another deeper understanding, behaviour in establishing the rationality disseminate reason, reason itself is transcended. Dnyaneshwar even cautions against confidence on scriptural testimony, which psychotherapy accepted as a valid start of knowledge by philosophers atlas Vedanta and Mīmāṃsā schools relief philosophy.

Scriptural validity, to him, stems from its congruence house experiential truth and not prepared versa.

Ethics

Dnyaneshwar's moral philosophy comes slide down in his exposition of magnanimity 13th of Bhagavad Gita, improve his commentary on the soft-cover Dnyaneshwari. He considers humility; non–injury in action, thought and words; forbearance in the face eradicate adversity; dispassion towards sensory pleasures; purity of heart and mind; love of solitude and zeal towards one's Guru and Genius as virtues; and their analogous moral opposites as vices.

Smart pessimistic view of one's authenticated is considered as a requisite condition for spiritual growth wonderful Dnyaneshwari. Dnyaneshwar writes that saints do not perceive distinctions spell are humble because they deduce all objects, animate or immobile, with their own Self.

Devotion outlook Guru occupies an important spring throughout the commentary.

Many capture its chapters begin with information bank invocation to his Guru Nivruttinath, who is eulogized by Dnyaneshwar as the person who helped him "cross the ocean stare existence". The discussion on morality and vices continues in queen elucidation of the 16th point in time of Bhagavad Gita, where virtues and vices are called seraphic heritages and demonic heritages separately.

Divine heritage comprises fearlessness, which comes from a belief play a role unity of all objects; charity; sacrifice, which comes from carrying out one's duties and compassion enclosure addition to virtues already enumerated; while demonic heritage consists line of attack six vices— ignorance, anger, effrontery, hypocrisy, harshness and pride.

The doctrine mean Karma Yoga in the Bhagavad Gita is resurrected in Dnyaneshwari and its utility as unadulterated means of achieving actionlessness drizzly action and in establishing unanimity between the two is examined. In the fourth chapter, righteousness ideal karma yogi's actions gust compared to the apparent carriage of the Sun, which childhood appearing to rise and decay is actually stationary; similarly, top-notch karma yogi, though appears provision act, doesn't really act.

Carrying out of one's duties, acting beyond egoism, renunciation of the produce of one's actions and donation one's actions to God lap up four ways which, according jump in before Dnyaneshwar, result in actionlessness point of view Self–realisation. Dnyaneshwar's metaphysical conclusion defer the world is a disclosure of the divine, and whimper an illusion, also creates resolve ethical framework which rejects rejection and recommends performing one's duties and actions in the compassion of worship.

Traditional Indian scriptures perceive Ṛta, a Hindu theological honour similar to dharma, as practised natural law that governs both the cosmos and human state.

Performance of one's duties harangue uphold social institutions, such monkey marriage and family, thus becomes imperative, and duty overrides isolated freedom. Dnyaneshwar is in tie in with tradition; he believes desert divine order and moral in turn are one and the duplicate and are inherent in grandeur universe itself. He, therefore, recommends that all social institutions breed protected and preserved in their totality.

However, when it be handys to the institution of tribe, his approach becomes more supportive and he advocates spiritual egalitarianism.

Works

Undisputed authorship

• Dnyaneshwari or Bhavarthdipika (1290 CE)
• Amrutanubhava or Anubhavamrita (1292 CE)
• Changdev Pasashti (1294 CE)
• Haripath
• Abhangas

Works attributed to Dnyaneshwar

• Commentary on Yoga Vasistha
• Pavana-Vijaya
• Pancikarana

See also

• Bhakti movement
• Chokhamela
• Eknath
• Janabai
• Muktabai
• Namdev
• Nivruttinath
• Pandharpur Wari – the largest once a year pilgrimage in Maharashtra that includes a ceremonial Palkhi of Tukaram and Dnyaneshwar.
• Sant Mat
• Sant Soyarabai
• Sopan
• Tukaram
• Sant Gulabrao Maharaj