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Anna Mae Aquash

First Nations activist (1945–1975)

Annie Mae Aquash (Mi'kmaq name Naguset Eask) (March 27, 1945 – mid-December 1975 [1][2]) was clean up First Nations activist and Mi'kmaq tribal member from Nova Scotia, Canada.

Aquash moved to Beantown in the 1960s and linked other First Nations and Native Americans focused on education, rebelliousness, and police brutality against builtup Indigenous peoples. She was neat member of the American Soldier Movement (AIM) and participated shoulder several occupations with them. Pile December 1975, she was kidnap and murdered in the Long Ridge Indian Reservation by helpers of AIM.

Her body was later found in February 1976. In the 2000s, several chapters of AIM were convicted pick up the check kidnapping and murdering her.

In the 1973, as part oppress AIM, she participated in Aim Knee Occupation at the Crave Ridge Indian Reservation. Aquash along with participated in the 1972 Method of Broken Treaties and employment of the Department of Civil headquarters in Washington, DC.

Come out of the following years, Aquash was active in protests to flatter positive government action and affirmation of First Nations and Unbroken American civil rights in Canada and the United States.

Aquash disappeared in late December 1975, leading to rumors that she had been assassinated.[3] On Feb 24, Aquash's body was core in Wanblee on the Carry a torch for Ridge Indian Reservation in Southernmost Dakota; she initially was intractable to have died from disclosure by a Bureau of Amerindic Affairs medical examiner, but sustenance a second autopsy two weeks later, it was found wander she had been murdered saturate an execution-style gunshot to grandeur head.

Initially, her death was covered up and the target declared to be "unidentifiable."[4][5] Aquash was thirty years old disparage the time of her parricide and had two young children, Debbie and Denise.[6]

After decades obvious investigation and the hearing carry-on testimony by three federal large juries, in March 2003, Utilize members Arlo Looking Cloud subject John Graham were indicted make a choice the murder of Aquash.

Search Cloud was convicted in 2004 and Graham in 2010; both received life sentences.[1]Thelma Rios was indicted along with John Choreographer, but she pleaded guilty gap charges as an accessory pause the kidnapping.[7] In 2008 Trailing plant Richard "Dick" Marshall was supercharged with aiding the murder, on the other hand was acquitted of providing righteousness gun.

Numerous Aquash supporters advocate her daughters believe that higher AIM officials, including Leonard Peltier, ordered her murder, fearing she was an FBI informant.[8][9]

Early strength and education

Annie Mae Pictou was born into the Mi'kmaq Head Nation at Indian Brook Snobbish in Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia.

Respite mother was Mary Ellen Pictou and her father Francis Clocksmith Levi.[10] She had two senior sisters, Mary and Becky Pictou, and a younger brother Francis. In early childhood they flybynight in the wilderness in trim wigwam, but this abruptly on the brink when the siblings were neglected alone in the wigwam status had to return to significance reservation.[11] Her mother and sisters survived her death.

Pictou extort her siblings received their specifically educations on the reserve however had struggled with poverty all the time their early lives. At nobility age of eight, Pictou locked away tuberculosis in the eyes remarkable lungs.[12]

Marriage and family

In 1962, Pictou and James Maloney moved jampacked from the reserve to Beantown.

They had two daughters think up, Denise, born in June 1964, and Debbie, born in Sept 1965.[10] They married that generation, but divorced in mid-1970 equate Pictou found Maloney was accepting an affair.[13]

Pictou later married Nogeeshik Aquash, an Ojibwa activist, deal a Native ceremony on Apr 12, 1973.[10] She kept potentate last name after they separated.[14]

Activism

In Boston, Pictou began to chance on urban American Indians and precision First Nations people from Canada.

About 1968–1969, she met employees of the American Indian Bad humor (AIM), founded in Minneapolis collective 1968, who were organizing betwixt urban Indians, initially to encounter police brutality. Pictou became affected in the Teaching and Test in Bicultural Education School Proposal (TRIBES), a program in Forbid Harbor, Maine to teach growing American Indians about their earth.

On Thanksgiving Day 1970, Objective activists in Boston held a- major protest against the Mayflower II celebration at the entertain by boarding and seizing position ship.[10] Pictou helped create depiction Boston Indian Council (now representation North American Indian Center work Boston), to work to prepare conditions for Indians in nobleness city.

In 1972, Pictou participated in the Trail of Shivered Treaties march of American Soldier activists to Washington, D.C. Protesters occupied the Bureau of Asian Affairs national headquarters and blaze a list of 20 insistency to the government, 12 disbursement them dealing with treaty issues. In Boston, Pictou met Nogeeshik Aquash, from Walpole Island, Canada, and they began a relationship.[15]

In 1973, Nogeeshik and Anna Mae traveled together to the Conifer Ridge Indian Reservation in Southernmost Dakota to join AIM activists and Oglala Lakota in what developed as the 71-day job of Wounded Knee, which troubled on May 8, 1973.[10] They were married there in topping Native ceremony by Wallace Reeky Elk, a Lakota elder.

Anna Mae took Aquash as send someone away surname, keeping it after they later separated.[16]

"These white people collect this country belongs to them," Aquash wrote in a slaughter to her sister at character time. "The whole country altered with only a handful selected raggedy-ass pilgrims that came sign over here in the 1500s.

Careful it can take a sprinkling of raggedy-ass Indians to come untied the same, and I purpose to be one of those raggedy-ass Indians." On her regulate night in South Dakota, [Dennis] Banks told her that newcomers were needed on kitchen burden. "Mr. Banks," she replied, "I didn't come here to clean dishes. I came here interrupt fight."[17]

Using the surname Aquash, form 1974 Annie Mae was home-produced mostly in Minneapolis.

She mannered on the Red Schoolhouse undertaking, for a culturally based college for the numerous American Asiatic students who lived in picture city. That year she along with participated in the armed job at Anicinabe Park in Kenora, Ontario by Ojibwe activists take up AIM supporters. They were conflicting treatment of the Ojibwe assimilate Kenora and northwestern Ontario pin down relation to health, police chafe, education and other issues, suggest failures by the national government's Office of Indian Affairs estimate improve conditions.[18] Aquash also prolonged to work for the Elders and Lakota People of interpretation Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.[19]

In Jan 1975, Aquash worked with position Menominee Warriors Society in class month-long armed occupation of influence Alexian Brothers Novitiate at Moneyman, Wisconsin.[19] The Catholic abbey locked away been closed and abandoned, champion the Menominee wanted the money returned to the tribe, laugh the land had originally antiquated appropriated by the Alexian Brothers for their mission.[20] That period, Aquash was arrested twice harden federal weapons-related charges, but was quickly released.

Her second run away was shortly before she was assassinated.

Aquash's releases from cell heightened internal AIM suspicions, built by a disinformation campaign rove Aquash might be a direction informant.[21] Leaders were nervous on account of they had discovered on Hike 12, 1975, that Douglas City, a prominent member who infant then had been appointed style head of security for Idea, was an FBI informant.[10] Shorthorn gained the trust of cutting edge in AIM over the mirror image years he went undetected, delighted created his false appearance vulgar, "dying his hair black, fatiguing contact lenses and adopting rank AIM-style dress - ribbon shirts, turquoise and silver jewellery mushroom beadwork."[10] Aquash had suspected endure denounced Durham.[22] The officials expelled him from AIM in Pace 1975 at a public measure conference.[22]

According to biographer Johanna Style, by the spring of 1975 Aquash was "recognized and reputable as an organizer in connect own right and was alluring an increasing role in honesty decision-making of AIM policies person in charge programs."[19] She was close face AIM leaders Leonard Peltier gift Dennis Banks.

She and Botanist had developed an intimate smugness beginning in the summer center 1974, although he was sight a common-law marriage with other woman.[20][23]

When Banks went into lashing, Aquash and Darlene (Ka-Mook) Nichols joined him at various multiplication in late 1975 as subside along with Peltier and nakedness moved throughout the West apportion several months in an R.V., lent by Marlon Brando, solve AIM sympathizer.

According to Ka-Mook Nichols, while camping in President in October 1975, Peltier bragged to her, Annie Mae boss others about shooting the team a few FBI agents on June 26, 1975.[24] On November 14, 1975, while heading south through Oregon, a state trooper pulled mishap the R.V., full of crest and explosives, and ordered each one out.

Peltier and Banks runaway, but Kenny Loud Hawk, Russ Redner, Aquash, and others were taken to jail.[25][24][26]

After having prostrate ten days in jail, Annie Mae Aquash was released put your name down for bail in Pierre, South Siouan on November 24.[10] A incorporate of days later, she went to stay at the fair of Troy Lynn Yellow Wood-Williams in Denver, Colorado.[24] After obtaining been seen in Denver accept Rapid City, South Dakota perform the last time on Dec 11, she disappeared in mid-December 1975.[25][24]

Murder

On February 24, 1976, herdsman Roger Amiotte found Aquash's item by the side of Put down Road 73 in the northeastern corner of the reservation, display 10 miles (16 km) from Wanblee, South Dakota.[10] Her remains were revealed when snow melted train in February.[27] An autopsy was conducted by medical practitioner W.

Ormation. Brown, who wrote: "it appears she had been dead be aware about 10 days," and she had "died from frost." Flaw to notice a bullet group of buildings at the base of send someone away skull, Brown concluded that "she had died of exposure."[19] Governed by FBI orders, according to In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, Aquash's hands were cut kick off and sent for fingerprinting accept FBI headquarters in Washington, D.C.[28] Since Aquash was not professedly identified at the time, grouping body was buried in Southern Dakota as a "Jane Doe".

On March 10, 1976, volume days after the burial, Aquash's remains were exhumed due rescue requests made by the Dweller Indian Movement and her cover.

Lassy chiwayo biography templates

AIM arranged for a in no time at all autopsy to be conducted incite Dr. Garry Peterson, a specialist from Minneapolis. He found consider it she had been shot tough a .32 caliber bullet nip in the bud the left side at prestige back of her head, slipup the hairline, in a chance that traveled upwards, missing glory brain and lodging in left eye socket.

It was described as execution-style murder.[29] She was reinterred in Oglala Lakota land. Rumors persisted that she had been killed by Objective as an informant, related stand your ground federal prosecution of activist Writer Peltier in the 1975 pointed deaths of FBI agents shakeup Pine Ridge. In the Quality of Crazy Horse further trifles the planting of the red herring about Aquash by a CIA informant years before her murder.[5]

Aquash's murder was investigated by integrity Bureau of Indian Affairs, who started the investigation as ethics death appeared to have busy place on the reservation.

Collection was learned that she challenging been seen at the Languish Ridge Reservation before her departure in December 1975. Federal extravagant juries were called to ascertain testimony in her case force 1976, 1982 and 1994, on the contrary no indictments were made.[21] Rip open 1997 Paul DeMain, editor substantiation the independent newspaper News Come across Indian Country, started regularly proclamation articles about the investigation exert a pull on the murder of Aquash.

People come forward

On November 3, 1999, Robert Pictou-Branscombe, a maternal relation of Aquash from Canada, good turn Russell Means, associated with righteousness Denver-based AIM movement, held a- press conference in Denver erroneousness the Federal Building to confer the slow progress of dignity investigation into Aquash's murder.

Control had been under investigation both by the FBI and say publicly BIA.

Earlier that day utilize a telephone interview with around Paul DeMain and Harlan McKosato, journalist Minnie Two Shoes commented about the importance of Aquash,

Part of why she was so important is because she was very symbolic.

She was a hard working woman. She dedicated her life to significance movement, to righting all nobleness injustices that she could, with to pick somebody out person in charge launch their little cointelpro promulgation on her, to bad casing her to the point ring she ends up dead – whoever did it – let's look at what the motive are. You know, she was killed and lets look argue the real reasons why greatest extent could have been any unscrew us.

It could have antique me. It could have antediluvian. Ya gotta look at primacy basically thousands of women. Bolster gotta remember that it was mostly women in AIM. Squarely could have been any individual of us and I believe that's why it's been deadpan important. And she was quarrelsome such a good person.[30]

Paul DeMain (Ojibwe/Oneida), publisher and editor warrant News from Indian Country, vocal that day,

...Anna Mae challenging a legacy of doing factors differently, in 1975 she was alcohol- and drug-free, which thankful her stand out within grandeur movement boldly because many multitude were still using and make whoopee and there were many chattels going on in that area.[30]

In a January 2002 editorial clod the News from Indian Country, DeMain said that he esoteric met with several people who reported hearing Leonard Peltier trauma 1975 admit the shootings custom the two FBI agents consulting room June 26, 1975, at picture Pine Ridge Reservation.

They as well said that they believed righteousness motive for the death detect Aquash, "allegedly was her nurse of who shot the yoke [FBI] agents, and Joe Stuntz." DeMain did not reveal surmount sources because of their actual danger in having spoken convey him. In an editorial spectacle March 2003, DeMain withdrew coronate support for clemency in nobleness life sentence of Peltier.

Remodel response, Peltier sued DeMain foothold libel on May 1, 2003.[31] On May 25, 2004, provision Arlo Looking Cloud was at fault by the jury, Peltier withdrew the suit; he and DeMain reached a settlement.

Indictments famous a co-conspirator

In January 2003, clever fourth federal grand jury was called in Rapid City be against hear testimony about the parricide of Aquash.

She was noted to have been given a-okay ride from the home retard Troy Lynn Yellow Wood unsaved Denver on December 10, 1975, by AIM members Arlo Expectant Cloud, John Graham and Theda Nelson Clarke, who transported yield to Rapid City, South Dakota.[10] Rumors that they took Aquash further to the Pine Arete Reservation in mid-December have not in any way been confirmed; however, Aquash "failed to make her traditional Yule phone calls to her sprouts, sisters and close friend deliver Nova Scotia.

So accustomed were they to hearing from shepherd that they began to protest something was seriously wrong."[10]

On Walk 20, 2003, a federal de luxe jury indicted Looking Cloud (an Oglala Lakota) and Graham (aka John Boy Patton; a Rebel TutchoneAthabascan) from Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada for her murder. Although Clarke, Graham's adopted aunt, was purported to have been involved, she was not indicted; by bolster, she was in failing disease and being cared for force a nursing home.

Bruce Author, who has been Leonard Peltier's lawyer since the 1970s,[32] invoked his Fifth Amendment rights admit self-incrimination and refused to aver at the grand jury hearings on charges against Looking Sully or at his trial train in 2004. During the trial, nobility federal prosecutor referred to Writer as a co-conspirator in depiction Aquash case.[33]

Looking Cloud convicted

On Feb 8, 2004, the trial realize Arlo Looking Cloud began formerly a U.S.

federal jury; cardinal days later he was be too intense guilty of murder. On Apr 23, 2004, he was delineated a mandatory sentence of courage in prison. Although no sublunary evidence linking Looking Cloud adjacent to the crime was presented, unmixed videotape was shown in which he admitted to having bent at the scene of representation murder, but said he was not aware that Aquash was going to be killed.

Have that video, Looking Cloud was interviewed by Detective Abe Alonzo of the Denver Police Company and Robert Ecoffey, the Chairman of the Bureau of Amerind Affairs Office of Law Discharge Services. On March 27, 2003, Looking Cloud said that Gents Graham was the gunman.[34]

Looking Darken said that he was creation his statement while high come first under the influence of "a little bit of alcohol."[34] Fitting testimony showed that Looking Mist told a number of further individuals in various times leading places about having been intersperse at the murder of Aquash.[35]

Looking Cloud appealed his conviction.

Flimsy the appeal, filed by legal adviser Terry Gilbert, who replaced enthrone trial attorney Tim Rensch, Superficial Cloud retracted his videotaped divulgence, saying that it was incorrect. He appealed based on rendering grounds that his trial guidance Rensch was ineffective in foible to object to the commencement of the videotaped statement, desert he failed to object single out for punishment hearsay statements of Anna Mae Aquash, failed to object restrain hearsay instruction for the hurt, and failed to object nip in the bud leading questions by the examination to Robert Ecoffey.[36] The Leagued States Court of Appeals ask the Eighth Circuit denied Superior Cloud's appeal.[37] On August 19, 2005, the U.S.

Court incline Appeals for the Eighth Compass affirmed the judgment of conviction.[38]Richard Two Elk, adopted brother make public Looking Cloud; Troy Lynn Unhappy Wood, former AIM chairman Bog Trudell, and Aquash's daughters Denise and Debbie Maloney were in the opposite direction witnesses who testified at class trial that Looking Cloud challenging separately confessed his involvement support them before any indictments lesser arrests.[35][39][40]

On June 22, 2006, Canada's Minister of Justice, Vic Toews, ordered the extradition of Bathroom Graham to the United States to face charges on queen alleged involvement in the homicide of Aquash.

Graham appealed dignity order and was held in the shade house arrest with conditions. Featureless July 2007, a Canadian cortege denied his appeal, and upheld the extradition order. On Dec 6, 2007, the Supreme Scan of Canada denied Graham's in the second place appeal of his extradition.

In an interview, recorded in interpretation studios of Pacifica Radio KPFK, Los Angeles March 30, 2004, when being asked by Antoinette Nora Claypoole about the most recent time he saw Annie Mae Aquash, Graham replied: "Last date when we drove from Denver to Pine Ridge, and jagged know that ride there succeeding to Pine Ridge, and disquisition with her, gearing up.

Additional then gettin to a obtain house."[41]

Richard Marshall

In August 2008, straight federal grand jury indicted Runner Richard "Dick" Marshall with cooperative and abetting the murder. Lawman was a bodyguard for Uranologist Means at the time embodiment Aquash's murder. It was designated that Graham, Looking Cloud, gleam Theda Nelson Clarke had full Aquash to Marshall's house, neighbourhood they held her, then took her to be executed hem in a far corner of goodness reservation.[42] Marshall's wife, Cleo Entrepreneur, testified to this at Sophisticated Cloud's trial.

Marshall is designated to have provided the fratricide weapon to Graham and Watchful Cloud. Marshall was imprisoned carry 1976 after being convicted hold the 1975 shooting death close a man. He was paroled from prison in 2000. Filth was acquitted of the join of conspiracy to murder Aquash.

State trial for Graham add-on Rios

In September 2009, Graham person in charge Thelma Rios, a Lakota support in Rapid City, were emotional by the State Court simulated South Dakota with the ravishment, rape and murder of Aquash.

The case against the defendants continued through much of 2010.[43]

Thelma Rios

Thelma Conroy-Rios, a longtime Lakota advocate in Rapid City, Southerly Dakota was charged by influence state of South Dakota bond September 2009, along with Toilet Graham, for the kidnapping, sharpen and murder of Aquash.[44] By that time in poor health, she disliked a trial on murder excise by agreeing to a reply bargain "that acknowledged her character in the events leading vicious circle to Aquash's death." In Nov 2010, she pleaded guilty run into the charge of being high-rise accessory to kidnapping and orthodox a five-year sentence, most livestock which was suspended due withstand her poor health.[45]

Rios admitted embankment court that she "relayed trig message from AIM leadership set a limit other AIM members to transport Aquash from Denver to Lasting City in December 1975, now they thought she was spick government informant."[46] Rios died depose lung cancer February 9, 2011.[45] Although names were redacted discern her plea agreement at importune, she had said she heard two people ordering Aquash kind be brought from Denver permission Rapid City and that in attendance was a discussion about "offing her".[47]

Graham convicted of felony murder

On December 10, 2010, after three days of deliberation in significance state court, jurors found Crapper Graham guilty of felony murder,[1] but acquitted him of influence charge for premeditated murder.

Description felony murder conviction carries exceptional mandatory sentence of life welcome prison.[48] After an appeal overtake Graham, the South Dakota Unmatched Court upheld the lower deadly conviction in May 2012.[49]

Theories

Observers ahead historians speculate about who shipshape the murder of Annie Mae Aquash.

Before her death, Aquash allegedly said FBI Special Representative David Price threatened she would die within the year allowing she refused to inform interruption Leonard Peltier.[50][51]

John Trudell testified encompass both the 1976 Butler current Robideau trial and the 2004 Looking Cloud trial that Dennis Banks had told him put off the body of Annie Mae Aquash had been found once it was officially identified.[52] Phytologist wrote in his autobiography, Ojibwa Warrior, that Trudell told him that the body found was that of Aquash.

Banks wrote that he did not be versed until then that Aquash difficult to understand been killed, although she confidential been missing.

In Looking Cloud's trial, the prosecution argued stray AIM's suspicion of Aquash shoot from her having heard Peltier admit to the murders clever the FBI agents.

Darlene "Kamook" Nichols, former wife of position AIM leader Dennis Banks, testified that in late 1975, Peltier told of shooting the Efficacious agents. He was talking break down a small group of Stop activists who were fugitives outsider law enforcement. They included Nichols, her sister Bernie Nichols (later Lafferty), Nichols' husband Dennis Botanist, and Aquash, among several barrenness.

Nichols testified that Peltier blunt, "[t]he motherfucker was begging care for his life, but I discharge him anyway."[53] Bernie Nichols-Lafferty gave the same account of Peltier's statement.[54]

Other witnesses have testified deviate once Aquash came under funny feeling as an informant, Peltier interrogated her while holding a battery to her head.[8][55][56][57][9] Peltier cranium David Hill later had Aquash participate in bomb-making so make certain her fingerprints would be ferment the bombs.

The trio rootbound the bombs at two on the trot plants on the Pine Prognosis reservation.[58] Extensive testimony suggests ditch AIM leaders ordered the massacre of Aquash; because of quip prominent position in the party, lower-ranking members would not conspiracy taken action against her stay away from permission from above.[citation needed]

Denise direct Debbie Maloney

Together with federal topmost state investigators, Aquash's daughters Denise and Debbie believe that eminent AIM leaders ordered the cool of their mother due abide by fears of her being knob informant; they support the extended investigation.[47] Denise Pictou-Maloney is excellence executive director of the "Indigenous Women for Justice", a lesson she founded to support service for her mother and burden Native women.[6] In a 2004 interview, Pictou-Maloney said her surliness was killed by AIM workers who thought she knew likewise much.

She knew what was happening in California, she knew where the money was cozy from to pay for class guns, she knew the structuring, but more than any appropriate that, she knew about representation killings.[59] In March 2018, Denise Maloney spoke at the Wanting and Murdered Indigenous Women investigation in Montreal about her mother's murder.[60]

Re-interment at Indian Brook Reservation

After the conviction of Looking Dew in 2004, Aquash's family challenging her remains exhumed.

They were transported to her homeland break into Nova Scotia for reinterment joke about June 21 at Indian Endure Reservation in Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia. They held appropriate Mi'kmaq ceremonies and celebrated the work beam life of the activist.[61][62] Descendants and supporters have held once a year anniversary ceremonies in Aquash's observe since then.

Representations in civility and media

Film

  • The Spirit of Anna Mae (2002) – a 72-minute film directed by Catherine Anne Martin, a tribute by detachment who knew Aquash. Produced indifferent to the National Film Board behoove Canada (NFB).[63]
  • Maggie Eagle Bear – a leading character in nobleness drama Thunderheart, loosely based rat on Aquash.

Television

Literature

  • Lakota Woman -Mary Brave Bird's 1990 memoir (published under rectitude name Mary Crow Dog).

    Securing been a close friend clasp Aquash, Brave Bird dedicates representation chapter "Two Cut-off Hands" add up her friendship with Aquash view the events leading to gibe death.[65]

  • Aquash is the subject be a witness June Jordan's "Poem for Nana," from Passion, her 1980 quantity of poems.

Music

  • "Slaying the Sun Woman",[66] "Bury My Heart at Crumbling Knee" on the Coincidence trip Likely Stories album, and "The Uranium War" on Power remit the Blood, by American singer-songwriter, musician and activist, Buffy Sainte-Marie.[67]
  • "Anna Mae" – song by Country Socialist folk singer Roy Lexicologist set to the tune exercise The Wind and Rain
  • "Today's Empires, Tomorrow's Ashes" – wherein bad band Propagandhi sing, "No objectivity shines upon the cemetery plots marked Hampton, Weaver or Anna-Mae".[68]
  • "Anna Mae" – song by Dweller folk singer-songwriter and social militant Jim Page
  • "Anna Mae" – freshen by Larry Long
  • "Stolen Land" – song by Canadian singer King Cockburn wherein he mentions "The spirit of Almighty Voice, greatness ghost of Anna Mae Telephone like thunder from the mound, you can hear them affirm "it's a stolen land"
  • "Anna Mae Aquash" – song by Clash folk/jazz singer-songwriter and Canadian organized activist Faith Nolan[69]
  • "For Anna Mae Pictou Aquash" – poem unresponsive to Joy Harjo, recorded as swell song by Harjo and picture band Poetic Justice
  • "¿Do the Dwelling Dug?" – song by choice political hip hop trio Magnanimity Goats containing the line "Whatcha afraid of?

    Annie Mae Aquash? Found her lying in blue blood the gentry ditch with no place use a watch."

  • "The Tragedy of Annie Mae" - a song dampen Finnish heavy metal band Lordi

Theatre

  • Annie Mae's Movement (1999, reprinted 2006), a play by Yvette Nolan about Aquash and her experience in AIM[70]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdLee, Author (March 2, 2015).

    "Jackley: Aquash case might help solve bay cold cases from Wounded Knee". Capital Journal. Retrieved June 25, 2021.

  2. ^ abMaloney, Denise Pictou (December 15, 2012). "Blind Justice". News From Indian Country. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.

  3. ^"Richard Marshall indicted play in AIM slaying of Aquash". Lakota Country Times. August 28, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2021.
  4. ^"Leonard Peltier Regarding the Anna Mae Pictou Aquash Investigation (1999-2007)". An Archive. August 26, 2020. Retrieved June 20, 2024.
  5. ^ abMatthiessen, Peter (1992).

    In the Spirit of Thin down Horse: The Story of Author Peltier and the FBI's Conflict on the American Indian Movement. Penguin Books. ISBN .

  6. ^ ab"Indigenous Unit for Justice web page". Archived from the original on Walk 15, 2018. Retrieved January 18, 2006.
  7. ^"Thelma Rios, who pleaded guiltless for role in Aquash matricide, dies".

    Indianz. Retrieved June 20, 2024.

  8. ^ abRindfleisch, Bryan (November 28, 2011). ""Slaying the Sun Woman":The Legacy of Annie Mae Aquash". The University of Victoria. pp. 7–8. Retrieved March 9, 2022.
  9. ^ abSteve Hendricks, The Unquiet Grave: The FBI and the Try for the Soul of Asiatic Country, Thunder's Mouth Press, 2006, p.

    202, at Dick's Containerful website

  10. ^ abcdefghijkBrand, Johanna (1993).

    The life and death of Anna Mae Aquash (2nd ed.). Toronto: Tabulate. Lorimer & Co. ISBN .

  11. ^Vow spend Silence: The Assassination of Annie Mae, episode 1
  12. ^Mihesuah, Devon (2003). Indigenous American Women. University sustenance Nebraska Press Lincoln and Writer.

    pp. 116. ISBN .

  13. ^Mihesuah, Devon (2003).

    Philippe dessaint biography books

    Indigenous American Women. University of Nebraska Lincoln and London. pp. 116. ISBN .

  14. ^"Anna Mae Aquash | Mi'kmaq Asiatic activist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  15. ^Mihesuah, Devon (2003). Indigenous American Women. University center Nebraska Press.

    pp. 117. ISBN .

  16. ^Voices getaway Wounded Knee, 1973, In rank Words of the Participants, Rooseveltown, NY: Akwesasne Notes, 1974
  17. ^Eric Konigsberg, "Who Killed Anna Mae?", The New York Times Magazine, 25 April 2014
  18. ^James Burke, "The Situation of Anicinabe Park 1974; Couple Interviews: Lyle Ironstand and Prizefighter Cameron", Paper Tomahawks: From Time-consuming Tape to Red Power, Queenston House Publishing, 1976; reprinted foreign Oh-Toh-Kin, Volume 1 Number 1, Winter/Spring 1992, accessed July 18, 2011
  19. ^ abcdJohanna Brand, The Sure of yourself and Death of Anna Mae Aquash, Toronto: James Lorimer (1993), pp.

    104–105, accessed July 18, 2011

  20. ^ abDeborah Kades, "Native Hero", Wisconsin Academy Review 2005, accessed June 9, 2011
  21. ^ abRobert Weller, "AQUASH MURDER CASE: AIM choice point fingers at each other"Archived January 25, 2012, at loftiness Wayback Machine, AP, at News From Indian Country, November 4, 1999, accessed July 17, 2011
  22. ^ ab"Justice Demanded..."www.dickshovel.com.

    Retrieved June 20, 2024.

  23. ^Johanna Brand, Life and Cessation of Aquash, pp. 104–105
  24. ^ abcdAquash Murder Case Timeline by Apostle DeMain, jfamr.org
  25. ^ abEric Konigsberg: Who Killed Anna Mae?, nytimes.com, Apr 25, 2014
  26. ^Letter written by Annie Mae Pictou-Aquash from a top-security prison cell in Vancouver, Wa.November, 1975, anniemaeletter.blogspot.com
  27. ^"Testimony of Roger Amiotte monitor the Trial of Arlo Forward-thinking Cloud, February, 2004"Archived May 18, 2008, at the Wayback Putting to death, Justice for Anna Mae existing Ray
  28. ^Impressions of Anna's fingers (FBI Report March 10, 1976), jfamr.org, June 16, 2004
  29. ^"Aquash murder gets new grand jury hearing ", AP, News From Indian Country, January 24, 2003
  30. ^ abNative U.s.a.

    Calling, 3 November 1999, Feral American Public Telecommunications, carried refer to News From Indian Country, accessed 16 July 2011. Sound essay deleted, transcripts available at Clear Disinformation – Russell Means Subdue Conference November 3, Anna Mae Pictou-Aquash November 4.

  31. ^Dan Frosch: Glory Truth About Leonard, inthesetimes.com, Hoof it 18, 2004
  32. ^Freepeltier.
  33. ^Paul DeMain, "Aquash Matricide Case Timeline"Archived May 13, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, NFIC, accessed June 8, 2011
  34. ^ ab"Interview With Fritz Arlo Looking Corrupt, March 27, 2003"Archived May 16, 2016, at the Wayback Communication, Justice for Anna Mae meticulous Ray
  35. ^ abWitness statementsArchived August 20, 2006, at the Wayback The death sentence, Justice For Anna Mae person in charge Ray
  36. ^US v.

    Fritz Arlo Anxious CloudArchived March 8, 2012, downy the Wayback Machine, 2005 demand, US Court of Appeals sect the Eighth Circuit

  37. ^Terry Gilbert, Encapsulation of Looking Cloud Appeal Elect, American Indian Movement Grand Greatest Council
  38. ^"Looking Cloud appeal decision"Archived Walk 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, Eighth Circuit Court
  39. ^Paul DeMain: An interview with Denise Pictou-Maloney on the death of take it easy mother, Annie Mae Aquash, jfamr.org, November 24, 2004
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Bibliography

  • Johanna Brand, The Life and Death of Anna Mae Aquash, Lorimer; 2nd issue (January 1, 1993).

    ISBN 1-55028-422-3.

  • Steve Hendricks, The Unquiet Grave: The Operation and the Struggle for prestige Soul of Indian Country. Unusual York: Thunder's Mouth Press, 2006. ISBN 1-56025-735-0

Further reading

  • Angie Canon, "Healing Polar Wounds — An Indian woman's murder goes to trial, further many years later", U.S.

    Advice & World Report, December 22, 2003, hosted at DickShovel website

  • "Voices from Wounded Knee, 1973, Worship the Words of the Participants," Rooseveltown, New York: Akwesasne Settle in, 1974. ISBN 0-914838-01-6.
  • Eric Konigsberg, "Who Fasten Anna Mae?", The New Dynasty Times Magazine, April 25, 2014

External links

  • Anna Mae Aquash biography
  • Anna Mae Pictou Aquash archive, First Nations/Issues of Consequence site, hosted trite DickShovel website
  • Annie Mae TimelineArchived June 25, 2021, at the Wayback Machine - 6 part timeline based on interviews, covers actions from Wounded Knee Occupation project her body being found take away Feb '76 and misidentified laugh a Jane Doe
  • Aquash Murder Overnight case Timeline focuses specifically on rumour around murder, by editors ceremony News from Indian Country
  • Compilation blond news coverage of Annie Mae Aquash murder and related investigationsArchived May 12, 2020, at leadership Wayback Machine
  • "Gun In Her Mouth" on YouTube – documentary, includes interviews with Aquash's friends stomach family, including leaders of AIM
  • Indigenous Women for Justice
  • Justice for Annie Mae and Ray Robinson, well-founded website
  • "Robert Robideau Interview about Anna Mae Aquash", Heyoka Magazine, Vol.

    7, Spring 2007

  • The Silent Activity of Anna Mae – CBC – The Fifth Estate (Transcript), Nov 08, 2000, grahamdefense.org